- Click below links to download full manual of Pulse and Digital circuit lab(PDC) manual:
1.Click to read online
S.No.
|
Name of the Experiment
|
1
|
Linear wave shaping (Differentiator and Integrator)
|
2
|
Non-Linear wave shaping (Clippers)
|
3
|
Non-Linear wave shaping (Clampers)
|
4
|
Transistor as a switch
|
5
|
|
6
|
Study of Flip-Flops
|
7
|
Sampling Gates
|
8
|
Astable Multivibrator
|
9
|
Monostable Multivibrator
|
10
|
Bistable Multivibrator
|
11
|
Schmitt Trigger
|
12
|
UJT Relaxation Oscillator
|
13
|
Bootstrap Sweep Circuit
|
AIM:
1. To study and observe the characteristics of
Differentiator and Integrator
using RC Circuit with different input frequencies.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. RC and RL Trainer Kit
2. Dual trace CRO
3. Connecting wires
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
-
RC Differentiator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
3. Observe
the output wave forms for different input frequencies (RC<T,
RC=T, RC«T, RC>T) as shown in the tabular column 1 for
different time constants.
4. Plot the graphs for different input and
output waveforms,
RC integrator
1.
Connect the circuit, as shown in figure 2.
2. Calculate
the time constant of the circuit by connecting one of the Capacitor
provided.
3. Observe
the output wave forms for different input frequencies (RC<T, RC=T,
RC«T, RC>T) as shown in the tabular column 2 for
different time constants.
4. Plot the graphs for different input and
output waveforms.
PRECAUTIONS:
-
1.Avoid
loose and wrong connections.
2.Aviod
eye contact errors while taking the observations in CRO.
RESULT:
The
characteristics of the Differentiator and Integrator are verified.
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
RC
DIFFERENTIATOR:
TABULAR
COLUMN 1:
R
|
C
|
T=RC
|
T
|
Condition
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
5 ms
|
RC < T
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
1 ms
|
RC = T
|
100 KΩ
|
0.0047μF
|
0.47 ms
|
10 ms
|
RC < < T
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
0.1 ms
|
RC > T
|
TABULAR
COLUMN 2:
R
|
C
|
T=RC
|
T
|
Condition
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
10 ms
|
RC << T
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
1 ms
|
RC = T
|
100 KΩ
|
0.01μF
|
1 ms
|
100μs
|
RC >> T
|
EXPECTED
WAVEFORMS:
EXPERIMENT NO:-2
NON LINEAR WAVE SHAPING CLIPPERS
AIM: -
To study and observe the waveforms of different clippers using
Diodes with various
reference voltages .
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED: -
1. Trainer kit.
2.
Dual trace CRO.
3. Resister-1kΩ,Diode-IN4007
4.
Connecting wires.
PROCEDURE: -
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figures (1-5)
2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the output of AF
generator
to 8V (peak to
peak)
3. Observe the in put and output waveforms on CRO and note
down
the readings.
4. Plot the graphs of input Vs output waveforms for
different clipping
circuits.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1.Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2.Aviod parallax
errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The characteristics of the
different clippers using diodes are verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS& EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-3NON LINEAR WAVE SHAPING CLAMPERS
AIM :-
To study and observe the characteristics of different clampers using
Diodes.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED: -
1. Clampers
trainer kit.
2.
Dual trace CRO.
3.
Voltmeter (0-20V)
– 1No.
4.
Connecting wires.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figures (1-5)
2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the output of AF
generator
to 8V (peak to
peak)
3. Observe the in put and output waveforms on CRO and note
down
the readings.
4. Plot the graphs of input Vs output waveforms for
different clamping
circuits.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2. Avoid
parallax errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The characteristics of the
different clampers using diodes are verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:- 4TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
AIM: -
To study and observe the switching characteristics of a transistor.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED :-
1.
Transistor as a
switch trainer kit.
2.
Dual trace CRO.
3.
Function
generator.
4.
Connecting wires.
THEORY:
DESIGN:
PROCEDURE:-
1.
Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the
output of the function generator on
CRO. Adjust input signal amplitude such that output signal peak-to peak
value is less than the saturation level.
3.
Observe output waveforms on CRO and note down the readings.
4.
Plot the graphs between input and output waveforms at a given
input frequency.
Calculate
the parameters: -
a)
Rise Time (tr)
b)
Fall Time (tf)
c)
Delay Time (td)
d)
Storage Time (ts)
e)
Turn ON Time (tON)
f)
Turn OFF Time (tOFF
Note:-
Rise Time: - It is the
time taken to rise 10% of the Max value of the signal to 90% of the Max value
of the signal.
Fall Time: - It is the taken to fall 90% of the Max value of the signal to 10% of the
Max value of the signal.
Delay Time: - It is the time taken to rise from 0% to10% of the Max
value of the signal.
Storage Time:
- It is the time taken to fall from 100% to 90% of the
Max value of the signal.
Turn ON Time:
- It is the sum of Delay time and Rise time.
Turn OFF
Time: - It is the sum of Storage time and
Fall time.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1.Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2.Aviod parallax
error while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The switching characteristics of
a transistor are verified.
Viva Questions:
1. Differentiate between diode and transistor
as a switch?
2. In
which region Transistor acts as a switch?
3. Define ON Time and OFF Time of the
transistor?
4. Define storage time and Delay time?
5. Define Rise time and Fall time?
OBSERVATIONS:
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT
NO:- 5
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
AIM:-
1. To study the
truth tables of different logic gates.
2. To verify the
output of given circuit.
3. To realize logic gates using universal logic
gates (NAND &. NOR).
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Logic Gates Trainer -1 No.
2. Multimeter -1 No.
3. Connecting Wires -1 No.
THEORY: -
PROCEDURE:-
1.
Connect the inputs to logic gates and verify outputs in accordance with
the truth table (AND, OR, NAND. NOR, NOT. EX-OR).
2.
Note the logic voltage levels at
inputs and outputs.
3.
Connect the logic gates as shown in figure (1)
and verify the output. Also, note the voltages at each point.
4.
Realize logic gates using universal logic gates as shown in figure
(2j
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Avoid loose and wrong
connections.
RESULT:
-
1. Truth tables of different it logic gates are verified.
2. Output of the given circuit is verified.
3. Logic gates are realized using universal gates.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:- 6STUDY OF FLIP-FLOPS USING I.C'S
AIM:
1. To study various types of
Flip-Flops and verify their truth tables (R-S,J-K,D,T).
2.
To construct D & T Flip-Flops using J-K Flip-Flop.
EQUIPMENT REOUIRED:-
1. Flip-Flop trainer kit.
2. Multimeter- 1 No.
3. Connecting wires.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connections are made for R-S flip-flop as
shown in figure.
2. Apply Logic inputs through toggle switches
and clock input through pulsar
(1Hz clock, l0Hz clock). Verify the logic
outputs as per the truth table.
3. Repeat the above procedure for J-K flip-flop.
4. Using J-K flip-flop, construct D flip-flop
and T-flip-flop as shown in figure. Repeat the above procedure to
verify truth table.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Avoid loose and wrong
connections.
2) Avoid parallax error while
taking the readings in CRO.
RESULT:-
1. Various
types of flip-flops are studied and truth tables are verified.
2. D and T
flip-flops using J-K flip-flop are constructed.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-7 SAMPLING GATES
AIM: To observe and
draw the output waveforms when the uni-junction sampling gates using 4 diode
gates.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED: -
1) Sampling gate
trainer kit.
2) Function
generator.
3) Dual trace
oscilloscope
4) Connecting
wires
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:-
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit
diagram shown in figure.
2) Observe the out put of the sampling pulse
generator using
oscilloscope.
3) Connect triangular waveform external
function generator to the input
of the Sampling gate.
4) Adjust the amplitude and frequency of the
input signal until you
Observe stable waveform at the output.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2) Avoid parallax error while taking the
readings in CRO.
RESULT:-
The output waveforms of
sampling gates using diodes were verified and are plotted.
EXPERIMENT NO:-8ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: -
To study the characteristics of Astable Multivibrator using
transistors.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED :-
1.Astable multivibrator trainer kit (AET-93).
2.Dual trace CRO.
3.Voltmeter (0-20V) – 1NO.
4. Connecting wires.
THEORY:
DESIGN:
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect The Circuit As Shown In Figure 1.
2. Observe The Output Of The Circuit Using Oscilloscope
and measure the time
Period Of The
Signal And Compare It With Theoretical Value By Varying Dc
source V (5V to 10V) in steps (take minimum
two readings).
3. Plot the output waveforms on the graph paper for one
set of values.
4. Repeat the steps from 1 to 3 with timing capacitor
0.01μF.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
6. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1.Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2.Aviod parallax
errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The characteristics of Astable
multivibrator using transistors are verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
T=2 RC ln (1+VCC/V)
V= measured voltage from the circuit at test point.
R= 100 KW
C= 0.1 (or) 0.01 mF.
Vcc = 10 V.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-9MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM :-
To study the characteristics of Monostable Multivibrator using
transistors.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED :-
1. Monostable multivibrator trainer kit.
2. Dual trace CRO.
3. Connecting wires.
THEORY:-
DESIGN:
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the
circuit as shown in figure.
2. Observe the
output of the Square wave generator-using oscilloscope.
3.
Connect the output of square oscillator to the trigger input of monostable circuit and also connect
IN4148 diode to the collector of the Q1.observe trigger spikes at Q1 collector
using oscilloscope.
4. Connect one of the timing capacitor C to the
circuit (say C=0.01μF) and observe the
monostable at collector of Q2 using oscilloscope.
5.
Measure and note the pulse width of output signal and compare with the theoretical value (T=1.1RC).
6.
By varying trigger input frequency, observe the corresponding
output waveforms.
7.
Plot the graph for input and output waveforms at different input frequencies.
8.
Repeat the steps from 4 to 6 for timing capacitor C=0.1μF.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1.Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2.Aviod parallax
while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The characteristics of Monostable multivibrator using transistors are verified
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
10.BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM:
-
To study
the characteristics of bistable multivibrator using transistors.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED: -
1. Bistable multivibrator trainer kit
2. Dual trace CRO.
3. Connecting wires.
THEORY:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure.
2. Observe the output of the square wave oscillator-using
Oscilloscope.
3. Connect the output of square oscillator to the trigger
input Of Bistable Circuit
and observe
output waveforms using Oscilloscope.
4. By varying input signal (Trigger) frequency, observe both input
and corresponding output Waveforms
Using Oscilloscope.
5. Plot the graph
for input and output waveforms at different input (Trigger)
frequencies.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1.Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2.Aviod parallax errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT: -
The characteristics of Bistable Multivibrator using
Transistors are verified.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-11 SCHMITT TRIGGER
AIM:
To
observe and note down the output waveforms of Schmitt trigger using
transistors..
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1.Schmitt
Trigger trainer –1 No.
2.
Dual CRO -1 No.
3.
Connecting wires.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
Observation of UTP and LTP:
- Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
- Apply the square wave input of 1 KHz to the circuit.
- Switch on the power supply and note down the amplitude and time period for the input square wave.
- Observe the output waveform and note down the amplitude and time period.
- Keep Re1 and Re2 in minimum condition (extremely in anticlockwise direction)
- Initially keep DC source voltage at zero and observe the output of the Schmitt trigger(it will be in low state i.e. around 6V).
- Vary the DC source output (i.e input voltage of the Schmitt trigger) slowly from zero.
- Note down the input voltage value at which the output of the Schmitt trigger goes to high (UTP). Still increase (upto 10V)the input voltage and observe that the output is constant.
- Now slowly decrease the input voltage and note down the value at which the output of the Schmitt trigger comes back to the original state(LTP).
- Compare the values LTP and UTP with theoretical values.
Schmitt Trigger as a Squaring circuit:
1.
Connect a triangle wave signal
from an external function generator to the input of the level changer.
2.
Connect the output of the level
changer to the input of the Schmitt trigger.
3.
Connect CH1 input of CRO to the
input signal and CH2 to the output of the schmitt trigger.
4.
Adjust the amplitude of the
input signal to such a level that we observe square wave at the output.
5.
Note down the points of input
where the output is high (UTP) and low (LTP) and note that both the levels are
not one and the same.
6.
Find Re1 value and
compare it with the theoretical value.
7.
Repeat the steps 3 to 6 with
different types of signals (sine, ramp etc).
8.
From the above observations we
can notice that Schmitt trigger converts any arbitrary waveform into a
square/Rectangle wave.
CALCULATIONS:
Calculation of UTP:
(Vr1 is cut in voltage i.e. 0.6 V)
(hfe
of 2N 2369 is 
50)
V’ and Rb
is the Thevenins equivalent voltage and resistance between base of Q2 and
ground when Q1 is in cut-off.
= =
Calculation
of LTP:
(a=Voltage ratio from collector of Q1 to base of Q2
)
(Where R is the Thevenins
Equivalent Resistance when Q2 is in cut-off)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Avoid parallax errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT:-
The output waveforms of
Schmitt trigger are are observed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-12UJT RELAXATION OSCILATOR
AIM:
To observe and draw the output waveforms
when the uni-junction transistor working
as a relaxation oscillator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED :-
1).UJT- relaxation oscillator
trainer kit
2).Dual trace oscilloscope
3).connecting wires
PROCEDURE:-
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch on the power supply and observe the output waveforms.
by using CRO
3) Note down the amplitude and time period
for both the input and
output waveforms.
4) Plot the graphs for both the input and outputs by using the above
values.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Avoid loose
and wrong connections.
2.AvoId parallax
errors while taking the readings using CRO
.
RESULT:-
The output waveforms of UJT
when it is acting as relaxation
Oscillators are observed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
EXPERIMENT NO:-13BOOTSTRAP SWEEP GENERATOR
AIM:
To
observe and note down the output waveforms of bootstrap sweep generator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1.Bootstrap
sweep generator trainer –1 No.
2.
Dual CRO-1 No.
2.
Connecting wires.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the
circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the
square wave input of 1 KHz to the circuit.
3. Switch on the
power supply and note down the amplitude and time period for the input square
wave.
4. Observe the
output waveform and note down the amplitude and time period.
5. Plot the
graphs for the input and output waveforms.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Avoid parallax errors while taking the readings using CRO.
RESULT:-
The output waveforms of Bootstrap sweep
generator are observed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.